在泰中国家庭的跨境家政服务：需求、瓶颈与“输入型阿姨”的灰色市场

自2010年代末以来，泰国逐渐成为中国新移民的重要目的地，移民群体包括企业雇员、创业者以及为子女接受国际教育而迁居泰国的中产阶层家庭。本文探讨这些家庭为何难以获得符合其需求的家政服务，以及为何越来越多的家庭开始通过中介机构从中国大陆招聘家政服务人员（俗称“阿姨”）。

本文采用质性文献分析方法，综合考察泰国与中国的相关法律文本、劳动与移民管理规定、官方统计数据、既有学术研究，以及媒体报道和社群资料，提出三个主要论点。

首先，家政服务需求具有结构性特征。以母亲陪读为中心的家庭安排、祖辈照料支持的缺失，以及家庭在饮食习惯、子女养育和课业辅导等方面的特定要求，共同形成了对具有相同文化背景和生活习惯的家政服务人员的需求。

其次，泰国本地家政服务市场难以充分满足这些需求。尽管泰国及周边国家拥有一定数量的家政劳动者，且自2024年以来，泰国法律进一步加强了对家政劳动者的保护，但语言障碍、家庭生活规范差异及信任不足等因素，仍然限制了在泰中国家庭对本地家政服务的选择。

第三，通过跨境招聘中国籍“阿姨”的解决方案处于法律灰色地带。泰国的工作许可制度及职业限制，并未为中国公民以家政服务人员身份合法就业提供常规渠道；与此同时，中国有关对外劳务合作的规定也禁止以旅游或其他非工作名义组织劳务人员出境就业。

由此形成了一个成本高昂、依赖中介运作的跨境家政服务市场，并将法律风险、经济风险及人身安全风险转移至雇主家庭与家政劳动者双方。

本文最后针对在泰中国家庭、家政中介机构以及中泰两国政策制定者提出相应建议，以期为跨境家政服务的规范化发展及相关劳动者权益保障提供参考。

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